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A grey system means that a system in which part of information is known and part of information is unknown. Formally, grey systems theory describes uncertainty by interval-valued unknowns called grey numbers, with the width of the interval reflecting more or less precise knowledge. [3]
Deng Julong (Chinese: 邓聚龙; January 1933 – June 22, 2013) was a professor of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.He is acknowledged as the founder of grey system theory, first proposed in 1982 with the publication of his paper “Control problems of grey systems,” in the international journal Systems and Control Letter, edited at the time by Roger W. Brockett ...
Liu is an honorary fellow of the World Organisation of Systems and Cybernetics, [6] and an honorary editor of "International Journal of Grey Systems" (USA). [7] German Chancellor Angela Merkel mentioned Liu's contributions to grey system theory in a 2019 speech at Huazhong University of Science and Technology. [ 8 ]
To investigate the left distributivity of set subtraction over unions or intersections, consider how the sets involved in (both of) De Morgan's laws are all related: () = = () always holds (the equalities on the left and right are De Morgan's laws) but equality is not guaranteed in general (that is, the containment might be strict).
If a theory has a predicate that satisfies the Law of Identity and Substitution property, it is common to say that it "has equality," or is "a theory with equality." [ 27 ] The use of "equality" here is a misnomer in that an arbitrary binary predicate that satisfies those properties may not be true equality, and there is no property or list of ...
The pure theory of equality contains formulas of first-order logic with equality, where the only predicate symbol is equality itself and there are no function symbols. Consequently, the only form of an atomic formula is x = y {\displaystyle x=y} where x , y {\displaystyle x,y} are (possibly identical) variables.
This list of types of systems theory gives an overview of different types of systems theory, which are mentioned in scientific book titles or articles. [1] The following more than 40 types of systems theory are all explicitly named systems theory and represent a unique conceptual framework in a specific field of science .
Equity, or economic equality, is the construct, concept or idea of fairness in economics and justice in the distribution of wealth, resources, and taxation within a society. Equity is closely tied to taxation policies, welfare economics , and the discussions of public finance, influencing how resources are allocated among different segments of ...