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Berberis vulgaris, also known as common barberry, [3] European barberry or simply barberry, is a shrub in the genus Berberis native to the Old World. It produces edible but sharply acidic berries, which people in many countries eat as a tart and refreshing fruit.
Berberis (/ ˈ b ɜːr b ər ɪ s /), commonly known as barberry, [1] [2] is a large genus of deciduous and evergreen shrubs from 1–5 m (3.3–16.4 ft) tall, found throughout temperate and subtropical regions of the world (apart from Australia).
Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, occurring naturally as a secondary metabolite in some plants including species of Berberis, from which its name is derived. Due to their yellow pigmentation, raw Berberis materials were once commonly used to dye wool, leather, and wood. [4]
In 1904, Bénédict P. G. Hochreutiner raised B. vulgaris var. australis to the full species Berberis australis, treating B. hispanica as a synonym. [3] In 1961, Vernon Heywood treated the taxon as a subspecies, B. vulgaris subsp. australis, rather than as a variety or species, a treatment accepted by Plants of the World Online as of March 2024.
[9] [10] World Flora Online which replaced The Plant List (since 2013), only lists species of Berberis and places Mahonia Nutt as a synonym. They list up to 623 species. They list up to 623 species. [ 11 ]
Berberis aetnensis is a shrub in the family Berberidaceae described as a species in 1826. [ 2 ] [ 1 ] It is native to Southern Italy ( Campania , Basilicata , Calabria , Sicily , Sardinia ) Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro .
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A tincture is typically an extract of plant or animal material dissolved in ethanol (ethyl alcohol). Solvent concentrations of 25–60% are common, but may run as high as 90%. [ 1 ] In chemistry , a tincture is a solution that has ethanol as its solvent.
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