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They are used when some emphasis is needed, e.g. sono italiano ('I am Italian') vs. io sono italiano ('I [specifically, as opposed to others] am Italian'). The words ci, vi and ne act both as personal pronouns (respectively instrumental and genitive case) and clitic pro-forms for "there" (ci and vi, with identical meaning—as in c'è, ci sono ...
The regular past participle is made adding an -t (or -da for feminine in adjective construction and tenses that require gender agreement) after the infinitive form. Verbs of the second class use the form ending in -ì. For example: Parlà + t => Parlàt Cantà + t => Cantàt Scriì + t => Scriìt Patì + t => Patìt
Words that in the West end in jt, jd or t in the East end in or , for example Western [lajt], [tyjt], and [vɛj] (milk, all and old) correspond to Eastern [lɑtʃ], [tytʃ] and [vɛdʒ]. A typical Eastern feature is [i] as an allophone of /e/: at word end, at the end of verbal infinitives, as in "to read" and "to be" (Western [leze], [ese] vs.
it always loses its final e; verbs in -are end in -er, not in -ar; stare, dare, fare however retain star-, dar-, far-; most irregular verbs lose the vowel before the last r altogether (e.g. avr-for avere and andr-for andare). Clusters -nr-and -lr-are simplified to -rr (e.g. verr-for venire); contracted infinitives are retained (e.g. porr-for ...
e. after how, e.g., "How to know?" The infinitive typically is the dictionary form or citation form of a verb. The form listed in a dictionary entry is the bare infinitive, but the to-infinitive is often used when defining other verbs, e.g. amble (verb) ambled; ambling intransitive verb. to walk slowly; to stroll without a particular aim
The infinitive without -re is universal in some subtypes such as Pisano-Livornese, but in the vicinity of Florence, alternations are regular and so the full infinitive (e.g. vedere 'to see') appears before a pause, and the clipped form (vedé) is found otherwise.
The interrogative words who, whom, whose, what and which are interrogative pronouns when used in the place of a noun or noun phrase. In the question Who is the leader?, the interrogative word who is a interrogative pronoun because it stands in the place of the noun or noun phrase the question prompts (e.g. the king or the woman with the crown).
fine - end; finestra - window; fino in fondo - until the end; fissare - to fix; fissato - fixed; fiume - river; fiutando - sniffing; fiutare - sniff; flussi - flows; flussi migratori - migratory flows; flusso - flow; focaccia - flat bread; focoso - fiery; foglie - leaves; folla - crowd; follia pura - pure madness; fondamentali - fundamental ...