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Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), also known as atypical vaginal bleeding (AVB), is vaginal bleeding from the uterus that is abnormally frequent, lasts excessively long, is heavier than normal, or is irregular. [1] [3] The term dysfunctional uterine bleeding was used when no underlying cause was present. [3] Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy is ...
In 2015 about 6.5 million cases of obstructed labour or uterine rupture occurred. [5] This resulted in 23,000 maternal deaths down from 29,000 deaths in 1990 (about 8% of all deaths related to pregnancy). [2] [6] [9] It is also one of the leading causes of stillbirth. [10] Most deaths due to this condition occur in the developing world. [1]
Cancers of the vagina or fallopian tubes are rare causes of hemorrhage. Uterine fibroids represent a common, benign condition that may lead to bleeding, specifically if the lesion affects the uterine cavity. Polyps of the uterine lining are a common cause of bleeding, but such bleeding tends to be light.
Uterine artery ligation, with or without ligation of the tubo-ovarian vessels. [1] [32] Ligation of the uterine and utero-ovarian arteries can decrease uterine bleeding by reducing the pressure of arterial blood flow in the uterus. It will not completely control the bleeding but may decrease blood loss while other interventions are being attempted.
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) in the reproductive years, unrelated to pregnancy, is rarely life-threatening, but is frequently life altering. The symptoms frequently interfere with quality of life and those girls and women affected by chronic AUB spend significant amounts of personal resources on menstrual products and medications.
However, there are known causes of abnormal uterine bleeding that need to be ruled out. Most common causes based on the nature of bleeding is listed below followed by the rare causes of bleeding (i.e. disorders of coagulation). Excessive menses but normal cycle: Painless:
While many of the causes of premenopausal bleeding still apply to perimenopausal women, there is an additional cause of abnormal uterine bleeding in this category of women, which is the hormonal changes. Around age 40, women's hormones begin to change and this can cause variation in menstrual patterns.
Besides the aforementioned physiologic forms, IMB may also represent abnormal uterine bleeding and be a sign of an underlying disorder, such as a hormone imbalance, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, uterine cancer, or vaginal cancer. [citation needed] If the bleeding is repeated and heavy, it can cause significant iron-deficiency anemia.