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A network socket is a software structure within a network node of a computer network that serves as an endpoint for sending and receiving data across the network. The structure and properties of a socket are defined by an application programming interface (API) for the networking architecture.
Berkeley sockets originated with the 4.2BSD Unix operating system, released in 1983, as a programming interface.Not until 1989, however, could the University of California, Berkeley release versions of the operating system and networking library free from the licensing constraints of AT&T Corporation's proprietary Unix.
After instantiating a new socket, the server binds the socket to an address. For a Unix domain socket, the address is a /path/filename.. Because the socket address may be either a /path/filename or an IP_address:Port_number, the socket application programming interface requires the address to first be set into a structure.
Stream-oriented (TCP; data written through a socket requires formatting to preserve message boundaries) or more rarely message-oriented (UDP, SCTP). Most operating systems Unix domain socket: Similar to an internet socket, but all communication occurs within the kernel. Domain sockets use the file system as their address space.
It works by skipping the three-way handshake using a cryptographic cookie. It is similar to an earlier proposal called T/TCP, which was not widely adopted due to security issues. [86] TCP Fast Open was published as RFC 7413 in 2014. [87] Proposed in May 2013, Proportional Rate Reduction (PRR) is a TCP extension developed by Google engineers.
The client sends an HTTP request (method GET, version ≥ 1.1) and the server returns an HTTP response with status code 101 (Switching Protocols) on success.This means a WebSocket server can use the same port as HTTP (80) and HTTPS (443) because the handshake is compatible with HTTP.
Network programming traditionally covers different layers of OSI/ISO model (most of application-level programming belongs to L4 and up). The table below contains some examples of popular protocols belonging to different OSI/ISO layers, and popular APIs for them.
Windows Sockets code and design are based on BSD sockets, but provides additional functionality to allow the API to comply with the regular Windows programming model. The Windows Sockets API covered almost all the features of the BSD sockets API, but there were some unavoidable obstacles which mostly arose out of fundamental differences between ...