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Signals that control anteroposterior neural development include FGF and retinoic acid, which act in the hindbrain and spinal cord. [16] The hindbrain, for example, is patterned by Hox genes , which are expressed in overlapping domains along the anteroposterior axis under the control of retinoic acid.
Many of the genes listed in Table 1 play an important role in embryonic development, specifically during skeletal patterning and limb bud formation. [18] The Shh gene, and genes belonging to the BMP, Hox, T-box, FGF, and Wnt families, all play a pivotal role in cell signaling and differentiation to regulate and promote successful limb formation ...
The discovery of the homeobox in Drosophila flies and its conservation in other animals has led to advancements in understanding the anterior/posterior patterning. Most of the Hox genes in mammals show an expression pattern that parallels the homeotic genes in flies.
Biological patterns such as animal markings, the segmentation of animals, and phyllotaxis are formed in different ways. [2]In developmental biology, pattern formation describes the mechanism by which initially equivalent cells in a developing tissue in an embryo assume complex forms and functions. [3]
The main processes involved in the embryonic development of animals are: tissue patterning (via regional specification and patterned cell differentiation); tissue growth; and tissue morphogenesis. Regional specification refers to the processes that create the spatial patterns in a ball or sheet of initially similar cells.
A sagittal plane (also known as anteroposterior plane) is perpendicular to the ground, separating left from right. The median (or midsagittal) plane is the sagittal plane in the middle of the body; it passes through midline structures such as the navel and the spine .
Patterning along the limb bud requires signals from many sources. Specifically, proteins called transcription factors (TF) help control the rate at which a gene is transcribed. The limb bud expresses a TF called ALX4 at the anterior part of the mesoderm, with the TF HOXB8 being expressed at the posterior portion. The Alx4 region, the medial ...
In some of its facets human anatomy is closely related to embryology, comparative anatomy and comparative embryology, [1] through common roots in evolution; for example, much of the human body maintains the ancient segmental pattern that is present in all vertebrates with basic units being repeated, which is particularly obvious in the ...