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The insufflation of cocaine crystals may also cause physical trauma to epithelial cells, leading to inflammatory lesions, which may also worsen due to the tendency for patients to physically remove the scabs produced in the damaged tissue, which induces further mechanical damage.
Cocaine increases alertness, feelings of well-being, euphoria, energy, sociability, and sexuality. The former are some of the desired effects of cocaine intoxication. Not having the normal use of mental faculties by reason of the introduction of cocaine is defined drug intoxication by the laws in America, Europe, and most of the rest of the World, and it is a serious crime in specific contexts ...
Levamisole has become a common additive to illicit cocaine. It is thought to intensify the "high" by releasing dopamine in the brain, acts as a bulking agent, and is a difficult adulterant to recognize. Potential risks of levamisole-laced cocaine include neutropenia, agranulocytosis, arthralgias, retiform purpura, skin necrosis, and fever.
Cocaine stimulates the mesolimbic pathway in the brain. [15] Mental effects may include an intense feeling of happiness, sexual arousal, loss of contact with reality, or agitation. [12] Physical effects may include a fast heart rate, sweating, and dilated pupils. [12] High doses can result in high blood pressure or high body temperature. [16]
In the United States, past year cocaine users in 2019 was 5.5 million for people aged 12 or older. When broken into age groups, ages 12–17 had 97,000 users; ages 18–25 had 1.8 million users and ages 26 or older had 3.6 million users. [10] Past year cocaine users with a cocaine use disorder in 2019 was 1 million for people aged 12 or older.
Magnan's sign is a clinical sign in which people with cocaine addiction experience paraesthesia which feels like a constantly moving foreign body, such as fine sand or powder, under the skin. [1] The sign is named after Valentin Magnan.
Physical dependence is usually managed by a slow dose reduction over a period of weeks, months or sometimes longer depending on the drug, dose and the individual. [6] A physical dependence on alcohol is often managed with a cross tolerant drug, such as long acting benzodiazepines to manage the alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
Repeated unreinforced exposure to stimuli that was previously associated with substance use is thought to extinguish or rid the conditioned response to the personally relevant cues. Although cue exposure treatment has shown some benefit and has been validated in clinical trials, there is controversy around this approach. [4] [40]