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In modal logic, the necessity of identity is the thesis that for every object x and object y, if x and y are the same object, it is necessary that x and y are the same object. [1] The thesis is best known for its association with Saul Kripke , who published it in 1971, [ 2 ] although it was first derived by the logician Ruth Barcan Marcus in ...
Naming and Necessity is a 1980 book with the transcript of three lectures, ... Third, identity is not a relation that holds between names. It is a relation that holds ...
The law of identity can be expressed as (=), where x is a variable ranging over the domain of all individuals. In logic, there are various different ways identity can be handled. In first-order logic with identity, identity is treated as a logical constant and its axioms are part of the logic itself. Under this convention, the law of identity ...
In Naming and Necessity, Kripke argues that proper names and certain natural kind terms—including biological taxa and types of natural substances (most famously, "water" and "H 2 O") designate rigidly. He argues for a form of scientific essentialism not unlike Aristotelian essentialism. Essential properties are common to an object in all ...
Naming and Necessity is among the most important philosophical works of the 20th century. [2] A posteriori necessity existing would make the distinction between a prioricity, analyticity, and necessity harder to discern because they were previously thought to be largely separated from the a posteriori, the synthetic, and the contingent.
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Amazon alone sees $104 billion in capital expenditures this year, well above prior analyst forecasts of $80 billion to $85 billion. The stocks have tended to react negatively to these bold ...
The city is making it easier for potentially hundreds of thousands of illegal migrants to obtain a municipal residency ID card to help get everything from housing to free health care.