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The four white students also had greater Law School Admission Test scores. [19] However, in Grutter v. Bollinger in 2003, the Supreme Court allowed the University of Michigan Law School to continue to consider race among other relevant diversity factors. The decision was the only legally challenged affirmative-action policy to survive the courts.
The examinations were governed in part by the City of New Haven's contract with the firefighters' union (which stated that the written exam result counted for 60% of an applicant's score and the oral exam for 40%, and that a total score above 70% on the exam would constitute a passing score).
Sowell writes that affirmative action policies encourage non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups [i.e., primary beneficiaries of affirmative action] to take advantage of group preference policies; that they tend to benefit primarily the most fortunate among the preferred group (e.g., upper and middle class ...
James defined what affirmative action is in its most basic form. "(It) is a policy that encourages state institutions to take affirmative action to make sure their processes are fair," she explains.
Kaplan Test Prep Survey: With Affirmative Action Case Pending in Supreme Court, Admissions Officers Show Varying Levels of Concern About Impact of Banning Race-Conscious Admissions Policies NEW ...
Check out CNN’s Affirmative Action Fast Facts for some background information about affirmative action as well as a few notable Supreme Court court cases.
Race-norming, more formally called within-group score conversion and score adjustment strategy, is the practice of adjusting test scores to account for the race or ethnicity of the test-taker. [1] In the United States, it was first implemented by the Federal Government in 1981 with little publicity, [ 2 ] and was subsequently outlawed by the ...
'" Roberts wrote that the affirmative action programs "lack sufficiently focused and measurable objectives warranting the use of race, unavoidably employ race in a negative manner, involve racial stereotyping, and lack meaningful end points. We have never permitted admissions programs to work in that way, and we will not do so today".