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Kuntowijoyo was born in Bantul, Yogyakarta, on 18 September 1943. His father was a dhalang and macapat reader, and his great-grandfather was a mushaf writer. When he attended elementary school at Ibtidaiyah Madrasah, he practiced declamation, storytelling, and reading the Koran.
The Malay Annals is historical literature written in the form of narrative-prose with its main theme being lauding the greatness and superiority of Malacca. [32] The narration, while seemingly relating the story of the reign of the sultans of Malacca until the destruction of the sultanate by the Portuguese in 1511 and beyond, deals with a core issue of Malay statehood and historiography, the ...
The study of Indonesian etymology and loan words reflects its historical and social context. Examples include the early Sanskrit borrowings, probably during the Srivijaya period, the borrowings from Arabic and Persian, especially during the time of the establishment of Islam, and words borrowed from Dutch during the colonial period.
Internalism and externalism – The believer must be able to justify a belief through internal knowledge (internalism), or outside sources of knowledge (externalism). Reformed epistemology – Beliefs are warranted by proper cognitive function—proposed by Alvin Plantinga. Evidentialism – Beliefs depend solely on the evidence for them.
Justification may refer to: . Reason (argument) Justification (epistemology), a property of beliefs that a person has good reasons for holding Justification (jurisprudence), defence in a prosecution for a criminal offenses
In the period of the eighteenth century, usually called the Enlightenment, a new justification of the European state developed.Jean-Jacques Rousseau's social contract theory states that governments draw their power from the governed, its 'sovereign' people (usually a certain ethnic group, and the state's limits are legitimated theoretically as that people's lands, although that is often not ...
"Dunya" is an Arabic word that means "lower or lowest", [1] or "nearer or nearest", [2] which is understood as a reference to the "lower world, this world here below". [3] The term "dunya" is employed to refer to the present world "as it is closest to one’s life as opposed to the life of the Hereafter". [4]
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the word history became more closely associated with factual accounts and evidence-based inquiry, coinciding with the professionalization of historical inquiry. [24] The dual meaning, referring to both mere stories and factual accounts of the past, is present in the terms for history in many other European languages.