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Weaker sources of circular polarization in nature include multiple scattering by linear polarizers [dubious – discuss], as in the circular polarization of starlight, and selective absorption by circularly dichroic media. Radio emission from pulsars can be strongly circularly polarized. [23]
Elite polarization refers to polarization between the party-in-government and the party-in-opposition. [2] Polarized political parties are internally cohesive, unified, programmatic, and ideologically distinct; they are typically found in a parliamentary system of democratic governance.
Opinions on polarization's effects on the public are mixed. Some argue that the growing polarization in government has directly contributed to political polarization in the electorate, [167] but this is not unanimous. [163] [168] Some scholars argue that polarization lowers public interest in politics, party identification and voter turnout. [167]
An analysis of special elections since November offers some clues about the party's changing fortunes.
Social media caused many controversies during the 2020 election. During the 2020 election, social media was the primary source of the spread of false information. Social media users also faced polarization due to social media algorithms, creating an echo chamber for social media users and only exposing themselves to their own beliefs.
The advancement of technology and the media has strongly influenced negative partisanship. The rise of tv, radio, and internet news outlets has created a fragmented and polarized media landscape. This has enabled individuals to choose to watch ideologically aligned news sources that often depict the opposing party in a negative manner.
Why We're Polarized is a 2020 non-fiction book by American journalist Ezra Klein, in which the author analyzes political polarization in the United States.Focusing in particular on the growing polarization between the major political parties in the United States (the Democratic Party and the Republican Party), the author argues that a combination of good intentions gone wrong, such as dealing ...
Also, Collet and Jones follow different conventions for the definitions of handedness of circular polarization. Jones' convention is called: "From the point of view of the receiver", while Collett's convention is called: "From the point of view of the source."