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Figure 1. Lamellipodia are thin-like projections on the leading edge of a cell (Image A). It is a feature of motile cells such as endothelial cells, neurons, and immune cells. The lamellipodia on the leading edge of the cell (green arrows) contain ATP- bound actin and the lamella on the "spike" end of the cell contain ADP-bound actin (red arrow).
The difference between foot processes, and lamellipodia, which are broad sheet-like protrusions, and filopodia, which are long slender pointed extensions, is that lamellipodia and filopodia are especially significant for cell movement and migration, and they are "macro" membrane protrusions.
Lamella, in cell biology, is also used to describe the leading edge of a motile cell, of which the lamellipodia is the most forward portion. [5] The lipid bilayer core of biological membranes is also called lamellar phase. [6] Thus, each bilayer of multilamellar liposomes and wall of a unilamellar liposome is also referred to as a lamella.
They are each about 1.5-2.5 μm in thickness. The anterior lamellae interweave more than posterior lamellae. The fibrils of each lamella are parallel with one another, but at different angles to those of adjacent lamellae. The lamellae are produced by keratocytes (corneal connective tissue cells), which occupy about 10% of the substantia propria.
Some pseudopodial cells are able to use multiple types of pseudopodia depending on the situation. Most use a combination of lamellipodia and filopodia to migrate [14] (e.g. metastatic cancer cells). [15] Human foreskin fibroblasts can either use lamellipodia- or lobopodia-based migration in a 3D matrix depending on the matrix elasticity. [16]
The first lamellae is equivalent to the uncinate process of ethmoid bone, the second corresponds the ethmoid bulla, and the third is the basal lamella, and the fourth is equivalent to the superior nasal concha. [5] The anterior and posterior ethmoid cells are separated by the basal lamella [7] [5] (also known as the ground lamella). [5]
The Arp2/3 complex appears to be important in a variety of specialized cell functions that involve the actin cytoskeleton. The complex is found in cellular regions characterized by dynamic actin filament activity: in macropinocytic cups, in the leading edge of motile cells (lamellipodia), and in motile actin patches in yeast. [14]
Filopodia are the initial contact that human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells make with elementary bodies of Chlamydia trachomatis, the bacteria that causes chlamydia. [ 30 ] Viruses have been shown to be transported along filopodia toward the cell body, leading to cell infection. [ 31 ]