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In the theory of formal languages, the pumping lemma for regular languages is a lemma that describes an essential property of all regular languages. Informally, it says that all sufficiently long strings in a regular language may be pumped —that is, have a middle section of the string repeated an arbitrary number of times—to produce a new ...
In computer science, in particular in formal language theory, the pumping lemma for context-free languages, also known as the Bar-Hillel lemma, [1] is a lemma that gives a property shared by all context-free languages and generalizes the pumping lemma for regular languages. The pumping lemma can be used to construct a refutation by ...
The grammar doesn't cover all language rules, such as the size of numbers, or the consistent use of names and their definitions in the context of the whole program. LR parsers use a context-free grammar that deals just with local patterns of symbols. The example grammar used here is a tiny subset of the Java or C language: r0: Goal → Sums eof
In a context-free grammar, we can pair up characters the way we do with brackets. The simplest example: S → aSb S → ab. This grammar generates the language {:}, which is not regular (according to the pumping lemma for regular languages). The special character ε stands for the empty string.
The set of all context-free languages is identical to the set of languages accepted by pushdown automata, which makes these languages amenable to parsing.Further, for a given CFG, there is a direct way to produce a pushdown automaton for the grammar (and thereby the corresponding language), though going the other way (producing a grammar given an automaton) is not as direct.
To convert a grammar to Chomsky normal form, a sequence of simple transformations is applied in a certain order; this is described in most textbooks on automata theory. [4]: 87–94 [5] [6] [7] The presentation here follows Hopcroft, Ullman (1979), but is adapted to use the transformation names from Lange, Leiß (2009).
A paper by Chakraborty, Saxena and Katti entitled "Fifty years of automata simulation: a review" in ACM Inroads magazine in December 2011 stated the following about JFLAP: [8] "The effort put into developing this tool is unparalleled in the field of simulation of automata. As a result, today it is the most sophisticated tool for simulating ...
Pumping lemma for context-free languages, the fact that all sufficiently long strings in such a language have a pair of substrings that can be repeated arbitrarily many times, usually used to prove that certain languages are not context-free; Pumping lemma for indexed languages; Pumping lemma for regular tree languages