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Financial Ratio analysis make comparisons among items within the financial statement, shows their relationship between one another. A ratio is a relationship between two numbers, often expressed as ‘x to y’ or ‘x : y’.) it was widely used by academics, financial analytics, investor and small business managers. [ 11 ]
Financial ratios quantify many aspects of a business and are an integral part of the financial statement analysis. Financial ratios are categorized according to the financial aspect of the business which the ratio measures. Profitability ratios measure the firm's use of its assets and control of its expenses to generate an acceptable rate of ...
In real estate investing, the cash-on-cash return [1] is the ratio of annual before-tax cash flow to the total amount of cash invested, expressed as a percentage. = The cash-on-cash return, or "cash yield", is often used to evaluate the cash flow from income-producing assets, such as a rental property.
Price–earnings ratio; Rate of profit; Rate of return (RoR), also known as 'rate of profit' or sometimes just 'return', is the ratio of money gained or lost (whether realized or unrealized) on an investment relative to the amount of money invested; Return on assets (RoA) Return on brand (ROB) Return on capital employed (ROCE) Return on capital ...
The previous section dealt with estimating the population mean as a ratio of an estimated population total (^) with a known population size (), and the variance was estimated in that context. Another common case is that the population size itself ( N {\displaystyle N} ) is unknown and is estimated using the sample (i.e.: N ^ {\displaystyle ...
The sample mean could serve as a good estimator of the population mean. Then we have: The difference between the height of each man in the sample and the unobservable population mean is a statistical error, whereas; The difference between the height of each man in the sample and the observable sample mean is a residual.
where is the Kullback–Leibler divergence, and is the outer product distribution which assigns probability () to each (,).. Notice, as per property of the Kullback–Leibler divergence, that (;) is equal to zero precisely when the joint distribution coincides with the product of the marginals, i.e. when and are independent (and hence observing tells you nothing about ).
The return on equity (ROE) is a measure of the profitability of a business in relation to its equity; [1] where: . ROE = Net Income / Average Shareholders' Equity [1] Thus, ROE is equal to a fiscal year's net income (after preferred stock dividends, before common stock dividends), divided by total equity (excluding preferred shares), expressed as a percentage.