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The important sulfur cycle is a biogeochemical cycle in which the sulfur moves between rocks, waterways and living systems. It is important in geology as it affects many minerals and in life because sulfur is an essential element (), being a constituent of many proteins and cofactors, and sulfur compounds can be used as oxidants or reductants in microbial respiration. [1]
Simplified diagram of the Hybrid sulfur cycle. The hybrid sulfur cycle (HyS) is a two-step water-splitting process intended to be used for hydrogen production.Based on sulfur oxidation and reduction, it is classified as a hybrid thermochemical cycle because it uses an electrochemical (instead of a thermochemical) reaction for one of the two steps.
Of the 25 known isotopes of sulfur, four are stable. [1] In order of their abundance, those isotopes are 32 S (94.93%), 34 S (4.29%), 33 S (0.76%), and 36 S (0.02%). [2] The δ 34 S value refers to a measure of the ratio of the two most common stable sulfur isotopes, 34 S: 32 S, as measured in a sample against that same ratio as measured in a known reference standard.
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Sulfur is present in the environment in solids, gases, and aqueous species. Sulfur-containing solids on Earth include the common minerals pyrite (FeS 2), galena (PbS), and gypsum (CaSO 4 •2H 2 O). Sulfur is also an important component of biological material, including in the essential amino acids cysteine and methionine, the B vitamins ...
The most notable examples of mass-independent fractionation in nature are found in the isotopes of oxygen and sulfur.The first example was discovered by Robert N. Clayton, Toshiko Mayeda, and Lawrence Grossman in 1973, [2] in the oxygen isotopic composition of refractory calcium–aluminium-rich inclusions in the Allende meteorite.
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Sulfur reduction metabolism is an ancient process, found in the deep branches of the phylogenetic tree. [15] Sulfur reduction uses elemental sulfur (S 0) and generates hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) as the main end product. This metabolism is largely present in extreme environments where, especially in recent years, many microorganisms have been ...