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Camouflage is weakened by motion, but active camouflage could still make moving targets more difficult to see. However, active camouflage works best in one direction at a time, requiring knowledge of the relative positions of the observer and the concealed object. [1] An invisibility cloak using active camouflage by Susumu Tachi. Left: The ...
There is a strong evolutionary pressure for prey animals to avoid predators through camouflage, and for predators to be able to detect camouflaged prey. There can be a self-perpetuating coevolution, in the shape of an evolutionary arms race, between the perceptive abilities of animals attempting to detect the cryptic animal and the cryptic characteristics of the hiding species.
Among marine animals, especially crustaceans, cephalopods, and fish, counter-illumination camouflage occurs where bioluminescent light from photophores on an organism's ventral surface is matched to the light radiating from the environment. [2] The bioluminescence is used to obscure the organism's silhouette produced by the down-welling light.
Camouflage of two kinds: twig-like camouflage independently in walking sticks and the larvae of some butterflies and moths; leaf camouflage is found independently in some praying mantises and winged moths. Dipteran flies and Strepsiptera insects independently came up with whirling drumsticks halteres that are used like gyroscopes in flight. [157]
Camouflage has been a topic of interest and research in zoology for well over a century. According to Charles Darwin's 1859 theory of natural selection, [2] features such as camouflage evolved by providing individual animals with a reproductive advantage, enabling them to leave more offspring, on average, than other members of the same species.
Camouflage researcher Roy Behrens cites and discusses Adaptive Coloration frequently in his writings. For example, in his Camoupedia blog, related to the book of the same name, [ 12 ] he writes of Cott's drawings of the hind limbs of the Common frog: "Reproduced above is one of my favorite drawings from what is one of my favorite books."
[2] Class I chemicals include bufadienolides, cantharidin, [9] cyanides, cardenolides, and alkaloids, all of which have greater effects on vertebrates than on other arthropods. [2] The most frequently encountered defensive compounds in insects are alkaloids. [11] Class II chemicals are essentially harmless.
Types of mechanism by which camouflage systems such as painted patterns operate, often by an effect on the visual system of the observer, whether an animal or military. The main article for this category is List of camouflage methods .