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Delocalizing the radical ion stabilizes the transition state structure. As a result, the energy of activation decreases, enhancing the rate of the overall reaction. According to the captodative effect, the rate of a reaction is the greatest when both the EDG and EWG are able to delocalize the radical ion in the transition state structure. [7]
An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance (mesomerism) or inductive effects (or induction)—called +M or +I effects, respectively—thus making the π system more nucleophilic.
[11] [page needed]) For ortho-para directing groups (electron donating group or EDG), σ’ more positive than σ meta and σ para. The difference between σ para and σ’ (σ para – σ’) is greater than that between σ meta and σ’(σ meta − σ’). This is expected as electron resonance effects are felt more strongly at the p-positions.
KPRA is a professional organization that advances real estate professional services for real estate professionals who buy, sell, and manage real estate and related businesses. KPRA provides a variety of services to its members, including professional designation, training certification, education, and legislative representation, as well as ...
Taxes can be confusing. But it's important to understand how real estate and property taxes work, especially if you own land, a home or a vehicle. While many people use the terms interchangeably ...
Average mortgage rates edge higher for 30-year and 15-year terms as of Wednesday, December 18, 2024, as the Federal Reserve is set to conclude its final policy session of the year.
CBRE Group, Inc. (an initialism of Coldwell Banker Richard Ellis) is an American commercial real estate services and investment firm. [2] It is the world's largest commercial real estate services and investment firm (based on 2022 revenue).
If you’re stuck on today’s Wordle answer, we’re here to help—but beware of spoilers for Wordle 1264 ahead. Let's start with a few hints.