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This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 9 January 2025. Cultural belief of 19th-century American expansionists For other uses, see Manifest Destiny (disambiguation). American Progress (1872) by John Gast is an allegorical representation of the modernization of the new west. Columbia, a personification of the United States, is shown leading ...
Manifest Destiny was a justification for expansion and westward movement, or, in some interpretations, an ideology or doctrine that helped to promote the progress of civilization. Advocates of Manifest Destiny believed that expansion was not only good, but that it was obvious and certain.
Manifest destiny had serious consequences for Native Americans, since continental expansion implicitly meant the occupation and annexation of Native American land, sometimes to expand slavery. This ultimately led to confrontations and wars with several groups of native peoples via Indian removal .
Minthorn’s symbolic protest called for “nation-wide support” in presenting “a different perspective of Manifest Destiny.” [6] In December 1993, the plans for the circular interpretive center were unveiled.
According to her, American Indians presented an obstacle to the fulfillment of Manifest Destiny, in his mind. [ 45 ] [ page needed ] Throughout his military career, according to historian Amy H. Sturgis , "Jackson earned and emphasized his reputation as an 'Indian fighter', a man who believed creating fear in the native population was more ...
Widespread contemporary acceptance of the policy, due in part to the popular embrace of the concept of manifest destiny, has given way to a more somber perspective. Historians have often described the removal of Native Americans as paternalism , [ 11 ] [ 12 ] ethnic cleansing , [ 13 ] [ 140 ] [ 141 ] or genocide .
In a speech before representatives of Native American peoples in June 2019, California governor Gavin Newsom apologized for the genocide. Newsom said, "That's what it was, a genocide. No other way to describe it. And that's the way it needs to be described in the history books." [202]
The Civil War forged the U.S. into a more centralized and nationalistic country, fueling a "full bore assault on tribal culture and institutions", and pressure for Native Americans to assimilate. [3] In the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871, Congress prohibited any future treaties. This move was steadfastly opposed by Native Americans. [3]