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cksum is a command in Unix and Unix-like operating systems that generates a checksum value for a file or stream of data. The cksum command reads each file given in its arguments, or standard input if no arguments are provided, and outputs the file's 32-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) checksum and byte count. [1]
The content of such spam may often vary in its details, which would render normal checksumming ineffective. By contrast, a "fuzzy checksum" reduces the body text to its characteristic minimum, then generates a checksum in the usual manner. This greatly increases the chances of slightly different spam emails producing the same checksum.
sha1sum can only create checksums of one or multiple files inside a directory, but not of a directory tree, i.e. of subdirectories, sub-subdirectories, etc. and the files they contain. This is possible by using sha1sum in combination with the find command with the -exec option, or by piping the output from find into xargs .
BSD checksum (Unix) 16 bits sum with circular rotation SYSV checksum (Unix) 16 bits sum with circular rotation sum8 8 bits sum Internet Checksum: 16 bits sum (ones' complement) sum24 24 bits sum sum32 32 bits sum fletcher-4: 4 bits sum fletcher-8: 8 bits sum fletcher-16: 16 bits sum fletcher-32: 32 bits sum Adler-32: 32 bits sum xor8: 8 bits ...
File verification is the process of using an algorithm for verifying the integrity of a computer file, usually by checksum.This can be done by comparing two files bit-by-bit, but requires two copies of the same file, and may miss systematic corruptions which might occur to both files.
When the data word is divided into 32-bit blocks, two 32-bit sums result and are combined into a 64-bit Fletcher checksum. Usually, the second sum will be multiplied by 2 32 and added to the simple checksum, effectively stacking the sums side-by-side in a 64-bit word with the simple checksum at the least significant end.
Copies a file or directory dd: Copies and converts a file df: Shows disk free space on file systems dir: Is exactly like "ls -C -b". (Files are by default listed in columns and sorted vertically.) dircolors: Set up color for ls: install: Copies files and set attributes ln: Creates a link to a file ls: Lists the files in a directory mkdir ...
Two algorithms are typically available: a BSD checksum and a SYSV checksum. Both are weaker than the already weak 32-bit CRC used by cksum. [2] The default algorithm on FreeBSD and GNU implementations is the BSD checksum. Switching between the two algorithms is done via command line options. [2] [1] The two commonly used algorithms are as follows.