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  2. Informed assent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informed_assent

    A child over 14 years old may be able to provide their own informed consent, independent of their parents. [13] The legal precedent is that as an emancipated minor they may consent to any medical procedure they see fit (E.g., Carter v. Cangello, 105 Cal App 3d 348, 164 Cal Rptr 361, 1980; Lacey v.

  3. Pelvic examinations under anesthesia by medical students ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_examinations_under...

    A study done in 2003 found that 90% of Pennsylvania medical students had done pelvic exams on anesthetized patients during their gynecology rotation. [5] One medical student described performing them "for 3 weeks, four to five times a day, I was asked to, and did, perform pelvic examinations on anesthetized women, without specific consent, solely for the purpose of my education."

  4. Sex assignment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_assignment

    There is a consensus in the use of the term "sex assignment" for newborns with intersex conditions; [20] observed chromosomal sex and assigned sex may intentionally differ for medical reasons (based upon predictions of psychosocial and psychosexual health in later life).

  5. Involuntary treatment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_treatment

    [20]: 61 The 1767 English case Slater vs Baker and Stapleton found against two doctors who had refractured a patient's leg without consent. [21]: 116 Thomas Percival was a British physician who published a book called Medical Ethics in 1803, which makes no mention of soliciting for the consent of patients or respecting their decisions.

  6. List of medical abbreviations: S - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical...

    without (s with an overbar) (from Latin sine) S: sacrum: S x: symptoms surgery (though deemed by some as inappropriate) S 1: first heart sound: S 2: second heart sound: S 3: third heart sound S 4: fourth heart sound S&O: salpingo-oophorectomy Sb: Scholar batch SAAG: serum–ascites albumin gradient SAB: staphylococcal bacteremia spontaneous ...

  7. Intersex - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex

    If you ask experts at medical centers how often a child is born so noticeably atypical in terms of genitalia that a specialist in sex differentiation is called in, the number comes out to about 1 in 1,500 to 1 in 2,000 births [0.07–0.05%]. But a lot more people than that are born with subtler forms of sex anatomy variations, some of which won ...

  8. History of intersex surgery - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_intersex_surgery

    The history of intersex surgery is intertwined with the development of the specialities of pediatric surgery, pediatric urology, and pediatric endocrinology, with our increasingly refined understanding of sexual differentiation, with the development of political advocacy groups united by a human qualified analysis, and in the last decade by doubts as to efficacy, and controversy over when and ...

  9. Informed consent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informed_consent

    'Free consent' is a cognate term in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted in 1966 by the United Nations, and intended to be in force by 23 March 1976. Article 7 of the covenant prohibits experiments conducted without the "free consent to medical or scientific experimentation" of the subject. [4]