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Auto-brewery syndrome (ABS) (also known as gut fermentation syndrome, endogenous ethanol fermentation or drunkenness disease) is a condition characterized by the fermentation of ingested carbohydrates in the gastrointestinal tract of the body caused by bacteria or fungi. [1]
Hepatotoxicity (from hepatic toxicity) implies chemical-driven liver damage. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a cause of acute and chronic liver disease caused specifically by medications and the most common reason for a drug to be withdrawn from the market after approval.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (abbreviated CYP3A4) (EC 1.14.13.97) is an important enzyme in the body, mainly found in the liver and in the intestine, which in humans is encoded by CYP3A4 gene. It oxidizes small foreign organic molecules ( xenobiotics ), such as toxins or drugs, so that they can be removed from the body.
Before treating a person for a long period of time, measurements of liver enzymes and blood counts are recommended. [3] Rifampicin may be given either by mouth or intravenously. [3] Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. [3] It often turns urine, sweat, and tears a red or orange color. [3]
Liver regeneration is the process by which the liver is able to replace damaged or lost liver tissue. The liver is the only visceral organ with the capacity to regenerate. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The liver can regenerate after partial hepatectomy or injury due to hepatotoxic agents such as certain medications, toxins, or chemicals. [ 3 ]
Clarithromycin, sold under the brand name Biaxin among others, is an antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections. [3] This includes strep throat, pneumonia, skin infections, H. pylori infection, and Lyme disease, among others. [3] Clarithromycin can be taken by mouth as a tablet or liquid or can be infused intravenously. [3]
Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, rash, and increased liver enzymes. [5] Serious side effects may include liver problems, QT prolongation, and seizures. [5] During pregnancy it may increase the risk of miscarriage while large doses may cause birth defects. [6] [5] Fluconazole is in the azole antifungal family of medication. [5]
The bilirubin-UGT enzyme performs a chemical reaction called glucuronidation. Glucuronic acid is transferred to unconjugated bilirubin, which is a yellowish pigment made when your body breaks down old red blood cells, [35] and then being converted to conjugated bilirubin during the reaction. Conjugated bilirubin passes from the liver into the ...