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The inaccurate rendering of "Torah" as "Law" [14] may be an obstacle to understanding the ideal that is summed up in the term talmud torah (תלמוד תורה, "study of Torah"). [3] The term "Torah" is also used to designate the entire Hebrew Bible. [15] The earliest name for the first part of the Bible seems to have been "The Torah of Moses".
The 1901-5 Jewish Encyclopedia summarized the then state of scholarship as follows: No serious attempt was made to issue a text of the Bible after the best manuscripts and the Masorah until S. Baer commenced his publications with the help of Franz Delitzsch (1861 et seq.). His edition, unfortunately not completed, has become the standard.
The general trend in recent scholarship is to recognize the final form of the Torah as a literary and ideological unity, based on earlier sources, likely completed during the Persian period (539-333 BCE). [12] [14] Some scholars would place its final compilation much later, in the Hellenistic period (333–164 BCE). [16]
Leningrad/Petrograd Codex text sample, portions of Exodus 15:21-16:3. A Hebrew Bible manuscript is a handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) made on papyrus, parchment, or paper, and written in the Hebrew language (some of the biblical text and notations may be in Aramaic).
The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh [a] (/ t ɑː ˈ n ɑː x /; [1] Hebrew: תָּנָ״ךְ Tanaḵ), also known in Hebrew as Miqra (/ m iː ˈ k r ɑː /; Hebrew: מִקְרָא Mīqrāʾ ), is the canonical collection of Hebrew scriptures, comprising the Torah, the Nevi'im, and the Ketuvim.
The events of the Hebrew Bible can be subdivided into 3 main sections: the Torah (instruction), the Nevi'im (prophets), and the Ketuvim (writings). The events listed in the Torah start with the creation of the universe and conclude with transfer of authority from Moses to Joshua and the death of Moses.
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A Torah scroll (Hebrew: סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה, Sefer Torah, lit. "Book of Torah"; plural: סִפְרֵי תוֹרָה Sifrei Torah) is a handwritten copy of the Torah, meaning the five books of Moses (the first books of the Hebrew Bible). The Torah scroll is mainly used in the ritual of Torah reading during Jewish prayers.