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Pulmonary agenesis is an inborn lung underdevelopment that is rare and potentially lethal. [1] The disorder is caused by a complete developmental arrest of the primitive lung during embryonic life, and it is often associated with other developmental defects. [2]
Congenital pulmonary airway malformation in a fetus, ultrasound at 19 weeks - transverse. Stomach on left image; heart on right image: displaced to right by cystic mass. The earliest point at which a CPAM can be detected is by prenatal ultrasound. The classic description is of an echogenic lung mass that gradually disappears over subsequent ...
Pulmonary artery agenesis refers to a rare congenital absence of pulmonary artery due to a malformation in the sixth aortic arch. It can occur bilaterally, with both left and right pulmonary arteries being absent, or unilaterally, the absence of either left or right pulmonary artery (UAPA). About 67% of UAPA occurs isolated in the right lung. [1]
There is still much debate to whether pulmonary sequestration is a congenital problem or acquired through recurrent pulmonary infection. It is widely believed that extralobar pulmonary sequestrations are a result of prenatal pulmonary malformation while intralobar pulmonary sequestrations can develop due to recurrent pulmonary infections in adolescents and young adults.
Fetal conditions can also cause a mediastinal shift during development. For example, pulmonary hypoplasia is the underdevelopment of a lung due to various etiologies. These include agenesis due to gene mutation, fetal hydrothorax, and congenital diaphragmatic hernia. These conditions lead to incomplete development of lung tissue or hypoplasia.
Medical diagnosis of pulmonary hypoplasia in utero may use imaging, usually ultrasound or MRI. [12] [13] The extent of hypoplasia is a very important prognostic factor. [14]One study of 147 fetuses (49 normal, 98 with abnormalities) found that a simple measurement, the ratio of chest length to trunk length, was a useful predictor of postnatal respiratory distress. [15]
An upper respiratory infection like the common cold, the flu, or COVID-19 Environmental irritants like smoke or dust A lower respiratory tract infections like bronchitis or pneumonia
A congenital malformation is a physical anomaly that is deleterious, i.e. a structural defect perceived as a problem. A typical combination of malformations affecting more than one body part is referred to as a malformation syndrome. [citation needed] Some conditions are due to abnormal tissue development: