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Transradial access to perform diagnostic cardiac catheterization procedures was introduced by Campeau [5] and was later adapted for therapeutic procedures of coronary angioplasty by Kiemeneij and Laarman. [6] In past few years, transradial access for coronary intervention has become increasingly popular.
In the early 1960s, cardiac catheterization frequently took several hours and involved significant complications for as many as 2–3% of patients. With multiple incremental improvements over time, simple coronary catheterization examinations are now commonly done more rapidly and with significantly improved outcomes. [citation needed]
Cardiac catheterization (heart cath) is the insertion of a catheter into a chamber or vessel of the heart.This is done both for diagnostic and interventional purposes. A common example of cardiac catheterization is coronary catheterization that involves catheterization of the coronary arteries for coronary artery disease and myocardial infarctions ("heart attacks").
An external vascular closure device of radial artery following a cardiac catheterization. The device allows for gradual release of pressure over the puncture site, reducing patient discomfort, until closure is achieved. Prior to the development of VCD's, the main method for closing the femoral artery was manual compression.
After an angiogram, a sudden shock can cause a little pain at the surgery area, but heart attacks and strokes usually do not occur, as they may in bypass surgery. The risk of complications from angiography can be reduced with a prior CT scan by providing clinicians with more information about number and positioning of the clots in advance.
A heart attack during or shortly after the procedure occurs in 0.3% of cases; this may require emergency coronary artery bypass surgery. [13] Heart muscle injury characterized by elevated levels of CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T may occur in up to 30% of all PCI procedures. Elevated enzymes have been associated with later clinical outcomes ...
Many procedures can be performed on the heart by catheterization. [2] This most commonly involves the insertion of a sheath into the femoral artery (but, in practice, any large peripheral artery or vein) and cannulating the heart under X-ray visualization (most commonly fluoroscopy).
Once the wire is across, a large tube is used to place the transcatheter heart valve through the femoral vein and inferior vena cava into the aorta and from there the heart. This otherwise resembles the transfemoral approach. Afterwards, the hole in the aorta is closed with a self-collapsing nitinol device designed to close holes in the heart ...