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In this example the organic layer is the product, which is a liquid at room temperature. The bottom aqueous layer is removed with a pipette and discarded. The top layer is transferred to an Erlenmeyer flask where it is treated with anhydrous sodium sulfate to remove any remaining water.
The mechanism of the reaction involves two steps. The first step is a nucleophilic addition to the nitrile with the aid of a polarizing Lewis acid, forming an imine, which is later hydrolyzed during the aqueous workup to yield the final aryl ketone. Hoesch reaction mechanism
The Corey–House synthesis (also called the Corey–Posner–Whitesides–House reaction and other permutations) is an organic reaction that involves the reaction of a lithium diorganylcuprate with an organic halide or pseudohalide (′) to form a new alkane, as well as an ill-defined organocopper species and lithium (pseudo)halide as byproducts.
Acid–base extraction is a subclass of liquid–liquid extractions and involves the separation of chemical species from other acidic or basic compounds. [1] It is typically performed during the work-up step following a chemical synthesis to purify crude compounds [2] and results in the product being largely free of acidic or basic impurities.
For instance, the production of glycolic acid typically follows this method, utilizing a base-induced reaction, followed by acid workup. Similarly, unsaturated acids and fumarate and maleate esters undergo hydration to yield malic acid derivatives from esters, and 3-hydroxypropionic acid from acrylic acid .
The structure of the fuchsin dye. The Schiff test is an early organic chemistry named reaction developed by Hugo Schiff, [1] and is a relatively general chemical test for detection of many organic aldehydes that has also found use in the staining of biological tissues. [2]
The McMurry reaction of benzophenone. The McMurry reaction is an organic reaction in which two ketone or aldehyde groups are coupled to form an alkene using a titanium chloride compound such as titanium(III) chloride and a reducing agent.
For example, nonylmagnesium bromide reacts with methyl p-chlorobenzoate to give p-nonylbenzoic acid, in the presence of Tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III) (Fe(acac) 3), after workup with NaOH to hydrolyze the ester, shown as follows. Without the Fe(acac) 3, the Grignard reagent would attack the ester group over the aryl halide. [21]