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  2. Exponential map (Riemannian geometry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_map...

    The exponential map of the Earth as viewed from the north pole is the polar azimuthal equidistant projection in cartography. In Riemannian geometry, an exponential map is a map from a subset of a tangent space T p M of a Riemannian manifold (or pseudo-Riemannian manifold) M to M itself. The (pseudo) Riemannian metric determines a canonical ...

  3. Exponential map - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_map

    exponential map (Lie theory) from a Lie algebra to a Lie group, More generally, in a manifold with an affine connection , X ↦ γ X ( 1 ) {\displaystyle X\mapsto \gamma _{X}(1)} , where γ X {\displaystyle \gamma _{X}} is a geodesic with initial velocity X , is sometimes also called the exponential map.

  4. Two-point equidistant projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-point_equidistant...

    The two-point equidistant projection or doubly equidistant projection is a map projection first described by Hans Maurer in 1919 and Charles Close in 1921. [1] [2] It is a generalization of the much simpler azimuthal equidistant projection. In this two-point form, two locus points are chosen by the mapmaker to configure the projection ...

  5. Normal coordinates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_coordinates

    Composition of (r,φ) with the inverse of the exponential map at p is a polar coordinate system. Polar coordinates provide a number of fundamental tools in Riemannian geometry. The radial coordinate is the most significant: geometrically it represents the geodesic distance to p of nearby points.

  6. Exponential map (Lie theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_map_(Lie_theory)

    It is the exponential map of a canonical right-invariant affine connection on G. This is usually different from the canonical left-invariant connection, but both connections have the same geodesics (orbits of 1-parameter subgroups acting by left or right multiplication) so give the same exponential map.

  7. Exponential object - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_object

    In mathematics, specifically in category theory, an exponential object or map object is the categorical generalization of a function space in set theory. Categories with all finite products and exponential objects are called cartesian closed categories. Categories (such as subcategories of Top) without adjoined products may still have an ...

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  9. Logarithmic spiral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_spiral

    Complex exponential function: The exponential function exactly maps all lines not parallel with the real or imaginary axis in the complex plane, to all logarithmic spirals in the complex plane with centre at : () = (+) + ⏟ = + = (⁡ + ⁡) ⏟ The pitch angle of the logarithmic spiral is the angle between the line and the imaginary axis.