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Kidney function gradually decreases as someone ages. The elderly are also likely to be underweight. In addition, these older people tend to be dehydrated and be taking other medications. These factors increase the likelihood of developing side effects of digoxin and digoxin toxicity. Often lowering the dose is considered by the prescriber. [6]
Campylobacter spp. are a common cause of bacterial diarrhea, but infections by Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and some strains of Escherichia coli are also a frequent cause. [36] In the elderly, particularly those who have been treated with antibiotics for unrelated infections, a toxin produced by Clostridioides difficile often causes severe ...
Antimotility agents are drugs used to alleviate the symptoms of diarrhea. These include loperamide (Imodium), bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol), [1] diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil), and opiates such as paregoric, tincture of opium, codeine, and morphine.
Antimotility medication has a theoretical risk of causing complications, and although clinical experience has shown this to be unlikely, [43] these drugs are discouraged in people with bloody diarrhea or diarrhea that is complicated by fever. [77] Loperamide, an opioid analogue, is commonly used for the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. [78]
Type A: augmented pharmacological effects, which are dose-dependent and predictable [5]; Type A reactions, which constitute approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug's primary pharmacological effect (e.g., bleeding when using the anticoagulant warfarin) or a low therapeutic index of the drug (e.g., nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable.
Unfortunately, many older adults often go undiagnosed or untreated because symptoms of eating disorders, like diarrhea, vomiting, or hair loss, might be attributed to medication side effects, or ...
While medications used to decrease diarrhea such as loperamide are not recommended on their own, they may be used together with antibiotics. [ 11 ] [ 4 ] Shigella results in about 165 million cases of diarrhea and 1.1 million deaths a year with nearly all cases in the developing world. [ 6 ]
Adults, especially the elderly, may show a more complicated presentation. [2] [6] Complications may include neurological problems and heart failure. [1] Most cases occur after infectious diarrhea due to a specific type of E. coli called O157:H7. [2] Other causes include S. pneumoniae, Shigella, Salmonella, and certain medications.
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