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Antoine Lavoisier publishes Traité Élémentaire de Chimie, the first modern chemistry textbook. It is a complete survey of (at that time) modern chemistry, including the first concise definition of the law of conservation of mass, and thus also represents the founding of the discipline of stoichiometry or quantitative chemical analysis. [42 ...
Bernard Courtois (French pronunciation: [bɛʁnaʁ kuʁtwa]), also spelled Barnard Courtois, (8 February 1777 – 27 September 1838) [1] was a French chemist credited with first isolating iodine, making early photography possible.
A 100,000-year-old ochre-processing workshop was found at Blombos Cave in South Africa. It indicates that early humans had an elementary knowledge of mineral processing. Paintings drawn by early humans consisting of early humans mixing animal blood with other liquids found on cave walls also indicate a small knowledge of chemistry. [3] [4]
Comparison of De Moivre's approximation with the factorial; the formula is now known as Stirling's approximation. Stirling's formula was discovered and proven by Abraham de Moivre circa 1733. [69] [70] [unreliable source?] [71] The conservation of mass by Antoine Lavoisier [72] (18th century). Modern hydrometer by Jacques Charles. [73]
Lavoisier subsequently discovered and named oxygen, described its role in animal respiration [89] and the calcination of metals exposed to air (1774–1778). In 1783, Lavoisier found that water was a compound of oxygen and hydrogen. [90] Lavoisier's years of experimentation formed a body of work that contested phlogiston theory.
Lavoisier clearly ties his ideas in with those of Condillac, seeking to reform the field of chemistry. His goal in Traité was to associate the field with direct experience and observation, rather than assumption. His work defined a new foundation for the basis of chemical ideas and set a direction for the future course of chemistry. [18]
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (/ l ə ˈ v w ɑː z i eɪ / lə-VWAH-zee-ay; [1] [2] [3] French: [ɑ̃twan lɔʁɑ̃ də lavwazje]; 26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794), [4] also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution, was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology.
During later life he researched and wrote books on the early history of chemistry such as Les Origines de l'alchimie (1885) [19] and Introduction à l'étude de la chimie des anciens et du moyen âge (1889), [20] He also translated various old Greek, Syriac and Arabic treatises on alchemy and chemistry: Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs ...