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[72] Historically, there was extensive and long-lasting racial discrimination against African Americans in the housing and mortgage markets in the United States, [73] [74] as well as discrimination against Black farmers whose numbers massively declined in post-WWII America due to anti-Black local and federal policies. [75]
The Declaration follows the structure of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with a preamble followed by eleven articles. Article 1 declares that discrimination on the basis of race, colour or ethnicity is "an offence to human dignity" and condemns it as a violation of the principles underlying the United Nations Charter, a violation of human rights and a threat to peace and security.
Discrimination in a restaurant in Juneau, Alaska, in 1908: "All White Help." Racial segregation in Alaska was primarily targeted at Alaska Natives. [101] In 1905, the Nelson Act specified an educational system for whites and one for indigenous Alaskans. [102] Public areas such as playgrounds, swimming pools, and theaters were also segregated. [103]
This era is sometimes referred to as the nadir of American race relations because racism, segregation, racial discrimination, and expressions of White supremacy all increased. So did anti-Black violence, including race riots such as the Atlanta race riot of 1906, the Elaine massacre of 1919, the Tulsa race massacre of 1921, and the Rosewood ...
Furthermore, racial, religious and gender discrimination was outlawed for businesses with 25 or more employees, as well as apartment houses. The South resisted until the last moment, but as soon as the new law was signed by President Johnson on July 2, 1964, it was widely accepted across the nation.
A 2023 University of Cambridge survey which featured the largest sample of Black people in Britain found that 88% had reported racial discrimination at work, 79% believed the police unfairly targeted black people with stop and search powers and 80% definitely or somewhat agreed that the biggest barrier to academic attainment for young Black ...
In such cases, racial discrimination can occur because someone is of an ethnicity defined as outside that race, or ethnic discrimination (or ethnic hatred, ethnic conflict, and ethnic violence) can occur between groups who consider each other to be the same race.
Legal racial discrimination was upheld by the Supreme Court in its 1896 decision in Plessy v. Ferguson, which established the doctrine of "separate but equal". The movement for civil rights, led by figures such as W. E. B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington, achieved few gains until after World War II.