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The progressive solution was the "open" primary by which any citizen could vote, or the "closed" primary limited to party members. In the early 20th century most states adopted the system for local and state races—but only 14 used it for delegates to the national presidential nominating conventions.
The first large-scale elaboration of the City Beautiful occurred in Chicago at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition.The planning of the exposition was directed by architect Daniel Burnham, who hired architects from the eastern United States, as well as the sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens, to build large-scale Beaux-Arts monuments that were vaguely classical with uniform cornice height.
Minangkabau architecture from West Sumatra, Indonesia, inspired by the shape of a buffalo horn English vernacular building, 16th-century half-timbering and later buildings, in the village of Lavenham, Suffolk A pair of single 1920s shotgun houses in the Campground Historic District of Mobile, Alabama
It is a progressive approach to design that seeks to mediate between the global and the local languages of architecture. The phrase "critical regionalism" was first presented in 1981, in ‘The Grid and the Pathway,’ an essay published in Architecture in Greece, by the architectural theorists Alexander Tzonis and Liane Lefaivre and, with a ...
Expressionist architecture was individualistic and in many ways eschewed aesthetic dogma, [6] but it is still useful to develop some criteria which defines it. Though containing a great variety and differentiation, many points can be found as recurring in works of Expressionist architecture, and are evident in some degree in each of its works:
View of the Carambeí Historical Park mill and houses in Dutch architecture on the left. Dutch architecture has played an important role in the international discourse on architecture in three eras. The first of these was during the 17th century, when the Dutch empire was at the height of its power. The second was in the first half of the 20th ...
[s] [187] But the conventional early 20th century view of the architecture of the Gothic Revival was strongly dismissive, critics writing of "the nineteenth century architectural tragedy", [188] ridiculing "the uncompromising ugliness" [189] of the era's buildings and attacking the "sadistic hatred of beauty" of its architects.
Tropical Modernism, or Tropical Modern is a style of architecture that merges modernist architecture principles with tropical vernacular traditions, emerging in the mid-20th century. This movement responded to the unique climatic and cultural conditions of tropical regions, primarily in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Pacific Islands. [ 1 ]