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Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a form of heart failure in which the ejection fraction – the percentage of the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat divided by the volume of blood when the left ventricle is maximally filled – is normal, defined as greater than 50%; [1] this may be measured by echocardiography or cardiac catheterization.
The 2022 American Diabetes Association (ADA) standards of medical care in diabetes include SGLT2 inhibitors as a first line pharmacological therapy for type 2 diabetes (usually together with metformin), specifically in patients with chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease or heart failure.
[1] [2] Both SGLT1 and SGLT2 function as symporters, utilizing the energy from the sodium gradient created by the Na+/K+ ATPase to transport glucose against its concentration gradient. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] SGLT2, encoded by the SLC5A2 gene, is predominantly expressed in the S1 and S2 segments of the proximal renal tubule and is responsible for ...
GIN has an International Guideline Library and registry, [7] one of the world's largest guideline libraries, [citation needed] containing regularly updated guidelines and publications of the GIN membership, as well as other guideline developers. The registry is open for all guideline developers to register their guidelines.
The most common symptom is centrally located pressure-like chest pain, often radiating to the left shoulder [2] or angle of the jaw, and associated with nausea and sweating. Many people with acute coronary syndromes present with symptoms other than chest pain, particularly women, older people, and people with diabetes mellitus .
During its development by Novartis, Entresto was known as LCZ696. [9] It was approved under the FDA's priority review process on 7 July 2015. [11] It was also approved in Europe in 2015. [7] In 2022, Novartis sold its India marketing rights of Sacubitril Valsartan to JB Pharma, under the brand name Azmarda. [35]
The male humpback whale that traveled the longest documented distance to date is observed in Zanzibar Channel, off the village of Fumba on the Tanzanian island of Unguja, on August 22, 2022.
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans have been criticized for recommending a diet that contains less than 2.3 grams of sodium (5.8 grams of salt/day). Notably, 95% of the world's populations have a mean intake of salt that is between 6g and 12g daily and evidence on the health effects of salt does not support such a severe restriction on salt ...