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Dampness problems are among the most frequent problems encountered in residences. DPC visible between concrete foundation and brickwork. Damp proofing is defined by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) as a material that resists the passage of water with no hydrostatic pressure . [ 1 ]
Such a damp problem could be rectified by simply lowering the flower bed to below DPC level. Where a rising damp problem is caused by a lack of a damp-proof course (common in buildings over approximately 100 years old) or by a failed damp-proof course (comparatively rare) there are a wide range of possible solutions available. These include:
One way urban flooding is commonly mitigated is via urban drainage systems, which transport storm water away from streets and businesses and into appropriate storage and drainage areas. While urban drainage systems help municipalities manage flooding and can be scaled up as population and urban extent increase, these systems may not be ...
Permeable interlocking concrete pavements are concrete units with open, permeable spaces between the units. [ 28 ] : 2 More recently manufacturers have introduced styles with smaller joint allowing for better ADA compliance and still capturing a significant amount of stormwater.
Contact with wet concrete can cause skin chemical burns due to the caustic nature of the mixture of cement and water (including rainwater). Indeed, the pH of fresh cement water is highly alkaline due to the presence of free potassium and sodium hydroxides in solution (pH ~ 13.5). Eyes, hands and feet must be correctly protected to avoid any ...
Pavers manufactured from concrete go well with flag, brick and concrete walkways or patios. Concrete pavers may be used where winter temperatures dip below freezing. They are available in hole, x-shape, y-shape, pentagon, polygon and fan styles. An interlocking concrete paver, also known as a segmental paver, is a type of paver.
Increasing urbanisation has caused problems with increased flash flooding after sudden rain. As areas of vegetation are replaced by concrete, asphalt, or roofed structures, leading to impervious surfaces, the area loses its ability to absorb rainwater. This rain is instead directed into surface water drainage systems, often overloading them and ...
Attaching the drainage pipes to the suspended form; Filling the trench with concrete (surrounding the form base and sides) and finishing the concrete flush with the metal frame; And after drying, removing the wooden form, cleaning the pipe inverts and placing the grates in the frame. This installation method is by far the most labor-intensive.