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In combinatorics, the rule of product or multiplication principle is a basic counting principle (a.k.a. the fundamental principle of counting). Stated simply, it is the intuitive idea that if there are a ways of doing something and b ways of doing another thing, then there are a · b ways of performing both actions.
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For example, multiplication is granted a higher precedence than addition, and it has been this way since the introduction of modern algebraic notation. [2] [3] Thus, in the expression 1 + 2 × 3, the multiplication is performed before addition, and the expression has the value 1 + (2 × 3) = 7, and not (1 + 2) × 3 = 9.
The rule of three [1] was a historical shorthand version for a particular form of cross-multiplication that could be taught to students by rote. It was considered the height of Colonial maths education [ 2 ] and still figures in the French national curriculum for secondary education, [ 3 ] and in the primary education curriculum of Spain.
This example uses peasant multiplication to multiply 11 by 3 to arrive at a result of 33. Decimal: Binary: 11 3 1011 11 5 6 101 110 2 12 10 1100 1 24 1 11000 —— —————— 33 100001 Describing the steps explicitly: 11 and 3 are written at the top
Multiplication can also be thought of as scaling. In the above animation, we see 3 being multiplied by 2, giving 6 as a result. One theory of learning multiplication derives from the work of the Russian mathematics educators in the Vygotsky Circle which was active in the Soviet Union between the world wars. Their contribution is known as the ...
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Thus, in the multiplication example above from Hanson, "p@m" or "p/m" ("perfect 5th at major 3rd", e.g.: { C E G B }) also means "perfect fifth, superimposed upon perfect fifth rotated 1/3 of the circumference of the Circle of Halfsteps". A conversion table of intervals to angular measure (taken as negative numbers for clockwise rotation) follows: