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Research funding is a term generally covering any funding for scientific research, in the areas of natural science, technology, and social science.Different methods can be used to disburse funding, but the term often connotes funding obtained through a competitive process, in which potential research projects are evaluated and only the most promising receive funding.
List of Singaporean inventions and discoveries; List of public transport smart cards; Outline of space exploration; List of technical standard organizations; List of stoves; List of submarine operators; Instruments used in general surgery
The publication of the invention is mandatory to get a patent. Keeping the same invention as a trade secret rather than disclosing it in a patent publication, for some inventions, could prove valuable well beyond the limited time of any patent term but at the risk of unpermitted disclosure or congenial invention by a third party.
The modern-day provisions of the law applied to inventions are laid out in Title 35 of the United States Code (Ch. 950, sec. 1, 66 Stat. 792). From 1836 to 2011, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has granted a total of 7,861,317 patents [ 7 ] relating to several well-known inventions appearing throughout the timeline below.
It maintained a registry of inventions and discoveries and gave out authors certificates and patents. As of 1 August 2020 [update] , 476,905 national trademarks and 220,513 international trademarks were registered at the Russian Federal Service for Intellectual Property, and it issued 266,104 patents.
Social Innovations are launched by a variety of actors, including research institutions, companies and independent organizations, which tend to use their respective definitions of Social Innovation. Therefore, it is worth discussing what distinguishes it from other forms of social work or innovation .
The test was eventually rejected by Congress in its 1952 revision of the patent statute, now codified in Title 35 of the United States Code.Section 103 was amended to state the new standard of non-obviousness: "Patentability shall not be negated by the manner in which the invention was made."
The problem was posed in 1696 by Johann Bernoulli, and its solutions were published next year. 1698: Steam engine: Patent granted to Thomas Savery in 1698. The invention has often been credited to Thomas Newcomen (1712).