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The pulpitum is a common feature in medieval cathedral and monastic church architecture in Europe. It is a massive screen that divides the choir (the area containing the choir stalls and high altar in a cathedral , collegiate or monastic church ) from the nave and ambulatory (the parts of the church to which lay worshippers may have access). [ 1 ]
J. K. Hyde, who surveyed the genre in 1966, considers the evolution of descriptiones written before 1400 to reflect "the growth of cities and the rising culture and self-confidence of the citizens", rather than any literary progression. [1] Later medieval examples tend to be more detailed and less generic than early ones, and to place an ...
Early examples of Middle English literature are the Ormulum and Havelock the Dane. In the fourteenth century major works of English literature began once again to appear, including the works of Chaucer. The latter portion of the 14th century also saw the consolidation of English as a written language and a shift to secular writing.
In English, Scottish, and Welsh cathedrals, monastic, and collegiate churches, there were commonly two transverse screens, with a rood screen or rood beam located one bay west of the pulpitum screen, [2] but this double arrangement nowhere survives complete, and accordingly the preserved pulpitum in such churches is sometimes referred to as a ...
The differently situated rood screens of Western medieval churches often achieved an effect comparable to the iconostasis. The rood screens or pulpita that most large European Roman Catholic churches and cathedrals had acquired by late medieval times occupied a similar position between chancel and nave but served a different function. The choir ...
Valle Crucis Abbey was founded in 1201 by Madog ap Gruffydd Maelor, [2] and was the last Cistercian monastery to be built in Wales. Founded in the principality of Powys Fadog, in the ancient commote of Iâl (Yale), Valle Crucis was the spiritual centre of the region, while Dinas Bran was the political stronghold. [3]
Designated for motivated students with a command of standard English, an interest in exploring and analyzing challenging classical and contemporary literature, and a desire to analyze and interpret dominant literary genres and themes, it is often offered to high school seniors and the other AP English course, AP English Language and Composition, to juniors.
Courtesy books formed part of the didactic literature of the Middle Ages, covering topics from religion and ethics to social awareness and social conduct. [2] While firmly normative in their bent, they also showed an awareness of the human realities that did not fit neatly under the rubric of their precepts. [3]