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Mathematical induction can be informally illustrated by reference to the sequential effect of falling dominoes. [1] [2]Mathematical induction is a method for proving that a statement () is true for every natural number, that is, that the infinitely many cases (), (), (), (), … all hold.
Mathematical induction. sum identity; Power rule. differential of x n; Product and Quotient Rules; Derivation of Product and Quotient rules for differentiating. Prime number. Infinitude of the prime numbers; Primitive recursive function; Principle of bivalence. no propositions are neither true nor false in intuitionistic logic; Recursion ...
Proof by exhaustion, also known as proof by cases, proof by case analysis, complete induction or the brute force method, is a method of mathematical proof in which the statement to be proved is split into a finite number of cases or sets of equivalent cases, and where each type of case is checked to see if the proposition in question holds. [1]
Informally, for a first-order formula of arithmetic () with one free variable, the induction principle for expresses the validity of mathematical induction over , while the least number principle for asserts that if has a witness, it has a least one.
There are three inequalities between means to prove. There are various methods to prove the inequalities, including mathematical induction, the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, Lagrange multipliers, and Jensen's inequality. For several proofs that GM ≤ AM, see Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means.
In mathematics, a proof by infinite descent, also known as Fermat's method of descent, is a particular kind of proof by contradiction [1] used to show that a statement cannot possibly hold for any number, by showing that if the statement were to hold for a number, then the same would be true for a smaller number, leading to an infinite descent and ultimately a contradiction. [2]
Bernoulli's inequality can be proved for case 2, in which is a non-negative integer and , using mathematical induction in the following form: we prove the inequality for r ∈ { 0 , 1 } {\displaystyle r\in \{0,1\}} ,
The truth of de Moivre's theorem can be established by using mathematical induction for natural numbers, and extended to all integers from there. For an integer n, call the following statement S(n): ( + ) = + . For n > 0, we proceed by mathematical induction.