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The presence of abundant highlands like the Western Ghats and the Himalayas right across the path of the southwest monsoon winds. These are the main cause of the substantial orographic precipitation throughout the subcontinent. [Note 2] The Western Ghats are the first highlands of India that the southwest monsoon winds encounter.
The major monsoon systems of the world consist of the West African, Asian–Australian, the North American, and South American monsoons. The term was first used in English in British India and neighboring countries to refer to the big seasonal winds blowing from the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea in the southwest bringing heavy rainfall to the area.
Summer monsoon rain over eastern New Mexico. The North American monsoon, variously known as the Southwest monsoon, the Mexican monsoon, the New Mexican monsoon, or the Arizona monsoon [1] is a term for a pattern of pronounced increase in thunderstorms and rainfall over large areas of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.
The seasonally reversing open ocean currents that pass south of India are referred to as the Winter Monsoon Current and the Summer Monsoon Current (alternately, the Northeast Monsoon Current and the Southwest Monsoon Current). [1] The cold Somali Current, which is strongly linked to the Indian monsoon, is also discussed in this article.
The southwest monsoon current generally progresses from east to west in the northern Himalayan region, unlike western disturbances which follow a west to east trend in north India with consequent rise in pressure carrying cold pool of air. This helps in the activation of monsoon in Afkhanistan and certain parts of northwest India.
Winds round it circle counterclockwise, from May to September or October giving persistent southwest monsoon winds from over the north Indian Ocean and South China Sea, also south-south-west or south winds over the west Pacific Ocean. [3] Its counterpart during the winter is the Siberian High. [4]
Kharif crops are usually sown at the beginning of the first rains during the advent of the south-west monsoon season, and they are harvested at the end of monsoon season (October–November). Monsoon sowing dates vary, occurring toward the end of May in the southern state of Kerala and reaching July in some north Indian states.
The South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), a reverse-oriented monsoon trough, is a band of low-level convergence, cloudiness and precipitation extending from the Western Pacific Warm Pool at the maritime continent south-eastwards towards French Polynesia and as far as the Cook Islands (160W, 20S).