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A more dramatic use of the device delays the revelation until near the story's end. In some cases, the reader discovers that in the foregoing narrative, the narrator had concealed or greatly misrepresented vital pieces of information. Such a twist ending forces readers to reconsider their point of view and experience of the story. In some cases ...
Researchers often rely on suggestive interviews and the power of suggestion from family members, known as "familial informant false narrative procedure." [16] Around 30% of subjects have gone on to produce either partial or complete false memories in these studies. [16]
Fake news is false or misleading information presented as news. [10] [16] The term as it developed in 2017 is a neologism (a new or re-purposed expression that is entering the language, driven by culture or technology changes). [17]
Misinformation is often used as an umbrella term to refer to many types of false information; more specifically it may refer to false information that is not shared to intentionally deceive or cause harm. [20] Those who do not know that a piece of information is untrue, for instance, might disseminate it on social media in an effort to help. [21]
False authority (single authority) – using an expert of dubious credentials or using only one opinion to promote a product or idea. Related to the appeal to authority. False dilemma (false dichotomy, fallacy of bifurcation, black-or-white fallacy) – two alternative statements are given as the only possible options when, in reality, there ...
[12] [13] Gaslighting involves two parties: the "gaslighter", who persistently puts forth a false narrative in order to manipulate, and the "gaslighted", who struggles to maintain their individual autonomy. [14] [15] Gaslighting is typically effective only when there is an unequal power dynamic or when the gaslighted has shown respect to the ...
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Criticism should focus first on providing correct information and secondarily on explaining why the false information is wrong, rather than focusing on the speaker or repeating the false narrative. [148] [143] [155] In the case of the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple factors created "space for misinformation to proliferate".