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Air-independent propulsion (AIP), or air-independent power, is any marine propulsion technology that allows a non-nuclear submarine to operate without access to atmospheric oxygen (by surfacing or using a snorkel). AIP can augment or replace the diesel-electric propulsion system of non-nuclear vessels.
The Type 214 is a class of diesel–electric submarines developed exclusively for export by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft GmbH (HDW). [1] It features diesel propulsion with an air-independent propulsion (AIP) system using Siemens polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) hydrogen fuel cells.
The Gotland-class submarines of the Swedish Navy are modern diesel-electric submarines, which were designed and built by the Kockums shipyard in Sweden. They are the first submarines in the world to feature a Stirling engine air-independent propulsion (AIP) system, which extends their underwater endurance from a few days to weeks. [2]
The submarines can operate at high speed on diesel power or switch to the AIP system for silent slow cruising, staying submerged for up to three weeks with little exhaust heat. The system is also said to be vibration-free and virtually undetectable. The Type 212 is the first fuel cell propulsion system equipped submarine series. [8] [9]
Air-independent propulsion – Propulsion system for submarines which operates without access to atmospheric oxygen; Astern propulsion – Use of a ship's propelling mechanism to develop thrust in a retrograde direction; Combined nuclear and steam propulsion – Class of Russian battlecruisers
A Fateh-class submarine prototype with an air-independent propulsion (AIP) plug was on show by Iran's Defense Ministry in March 2024 during the DIMDEX 2024 exhibition, which was held in Doha from March 4–6, 2024. The French-based Naval Group and DRDO (India) decided to update the Scorpene-class Indian Navy submarine INS Kalvari in January 2023.
HSwMS Gotland (Gtd) is a defense [2] submarine of the Swedish Navy.It was the first ship of the Gotland-class, which was the first operational submarine class in the world to use air-independent propulsion in the form of Stirling engines which use liquid oxygen and diesel as the propellant.
The Scorpène-class submarines are a class of diesel-electric attack submarines jointly developed by the French Naval Group (formerly the DCNS) and the Spanish company Navantia. It features diesel propulsion and an additional air-independent propulsion (AIP). It is now marketed as the Scorpène 2000.