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Nickel-based superalloys are used in load-bearing structures requiring the highest homologous temperature of any common alloy system (Tm = 0.9, or 90% of their melting point). Among the most demanding applications for a structural material are those in the hot sections of turbine engines (e.g. turbine blade ).
The Joint European Torus and DIII-D tokamaks' vacuum vessels are made of Inconel. [43] Inconel 718 is commonly used for cryogenic storage tanks, downhole shafts, wellhead parts, [44] and in the aerospace industry -- where it has become a prime candidate material for constructing heat resistant turbines. [45]
For example, alloy 020 is designed to be resistant to sulfuric acid, and the DS Incoloy is to be used in heat-treating furnaces with reactive atmospheres and many heat cycles. Incoloy 020 "exhibits excellent corrosion resistance in chemical environments that contain sulfuric acid, chlorides, phosphoric acid and nitric acid."
It does not mean any metal that is rare, but rather strong in its characteristics. Exotic Materials are used for high performance tasks. Exotic Materials can include plastics, superalloys, semiconductors, superconductors, and ceramics. [1]
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It is a common practice in European industries. ESR reduces other types of inclusions as well, and is seen as an alternative to the vacuum arc remelting (VAR) method that is prevalent in US industries. An example of the use of the electro-slag refined (ESR) steel technique is the L30 tank gun.
Hiduminium or R.R. alloys (2% copper, iron, nickel): used in aircraft pistons; Hydronalium (up to 12% magnesium, 1% manganese): used in shipbuilding, resists seawater corrosion; Italma (3.5% magnesium, 0.3% manganese): formerly used to make coinage of the Italian lira; Magnalium (5-50% magnesium): used in airplane bodies, ladders, pyrotechnics ...
Working at Inco's Wiggin facility at Birmingham in the United Kingdom, Leonard Bessemer Pfeil is credited with the development of Nimonic alloy 80 in 1941, and used in the Power Jets W.2B. Four years later, Nimonic alloy 80A followed, an alloy widely used in engine valves today. Progressively stronger alloys were subsequently developed: Nimonic ...