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The Windkessel analogy illustrated. Windkessel effect (German: Windkesseleffekt) is a term used in medicine to account for the shape of the arterial blood pressure waveform in terms of the interaction between the stroke volume and the compliance of the aorta and large elastic arteries (Windkessel vessels) and the resistance of the smaller arteries and arterioles.
Three risk factors — high blood pressure, smoking and atrial fibrillation (which is an irregular heart rhythm) were linked with higher risk of severe compared to mild-moderate stroke,” said Dr ...
Stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to a part of the brain causes cell death. [5] There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. [5] Both cause parts of the brain to stop functioning properly. [5]
Cerebral infarction, also known as an ischemic stroke, is the pathologic process that results in an area of necrotic tissue in the brain (cerebral infarct). [1] In mid to high income countries, a stroke is the main reason for disability among people and the 2nd cause of death. [2]
This is typically secondary to stroke, injury, or cardiac arrest due to heart attack. Most ischemic neurons that die do so due to the activation of chemicals produced during and after ischemia. [2] The ischemic cascade usually goes on for two to three hours but can last for days, even after normal blood flow returns. [3]
Brain ischemia has been linked to a variety of diseases or abnormalities. Individuals with sickle cell anemia, compressed blood vessels, ventricular tachycardia, plaque buildup in the arteries, blood clots, extremely low blood pressure as a result of heart attack, and congenital heart defects have a higher predisposition to brain ischemia in comparison to the average population.
Immediately following the event, blood flow and therefore oxygen transport is reduced locally, leading to hypoxia of the cells near the location of the original insult. This can lead to hypoxic cell death ( infarction ) and amplify the original damage from the ischemia ; however, the penumbra area may remain viable for several hours after an ...
The most common presentation of cerebrovascular disease is an ischemic stroke or mini-stroke and sometimes a hemorrhagic stroke. [2] Hypertension (high blood pressure) is the most important contributing risk factor for stroke and cerebrovascular diseases as it can change the structure of blood vessels and result in atherosclerosis . [ 5 ]
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