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The assessment and plan (abbreviated A/P" [1] or A&P) is a component of an admission note. Assessment includes a discussion of the differential diagnosis and supporting history and exam findings. The plan is typically broken out by problem or system. Each problem should include: brief summary of the problem, perhaps including what has been done ...
A statistical hypothesis test typically involves a calculation of a test statistic. Then a decision is made, either by comparing the test statistic to a critical value or equivalently by evaluating a p-value computed from the test statistic. Roughly 100 specialized statistical tests have been defined. [1] [2]
Thus computing a p-value requires a null hypothesis, a test statistic (together with deciding whether the researcher is performing a one-tailed test or a two-tailed test), and data. Even though computing the test statistic on given data may be easy, computing the sampling distribution under the null hypothesis, and then computing its cumulative ...
This is why the hypothesis under test is often called the null hypothesis (most likely, coined by Fisher (1935, p. 19)), because it is this hypothesis that is to be either nullified or not nullified by the test. When the null hypothesis is nullified, it is possible to conclude that data support the "alternative hypothesis" (which is the ...
[41] [42] For instance, the certainty of the Higgs boson particle's existence was based on the 5σ criterion, which corresponds to a p-value of about 1 in 3.5 million. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] In other fields of scientific research such as genome-wide association studies , significance levels as low as 5 × 10 −8 are not uncommon [ 44 ] [ 45 ] —as the ...
In mathematics, a function is a rule for taking an input (in the simplest case, a number or set of numbers) [5] and providing an output (which may also be a number). [5] A symbol that stands for an arbitrary input is called an independent variable, while a symbol that stands for an arbitrary output is called a dependent variable. [6]
The Great A&P and the Struggle for Small Business in America, 2nd ed. Marc Levinson. ISBN 9780578562100. Levinson, Marc (2011). The Great A&P and the Struggle for Small Business in America. Hill and Wang. ISBN 978-0-8090-9543-8. Walsh, William (1986). The Rise & Decline of the Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea company. Lyle Stuart. ISBN 9780818403828.
The AP U.S. History course is designed to provide the same level of content and instruction that students would face in a freshman-level college survey class.