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The Hox genes, being a subset of homeobox genes, arose more recently in evolution within the animal kingdom or Metazoa. Within the animal kingdom, Hox genes are present across the bilateria [10] (animals with a clear head-to-tail axis), and have also been found in Cnidaria such as sea anemones. [11]
Hox genes play a massive role in some amphibians and reptiles in their ability to regenerate lost limbs, especially HoxA and HoxD genes. [1]If the processes involved in forming new tissue can be reverse-engineered into humans, it may be possible to heal injuries of the spinal cord or brain, repair damaged organs and reduce scarring and fibrosis after surgery.
Hox genes determine where repeating parts, such as the many vertebrae of snakes, will grow in a developing embryo or larva. [9] Pax-6, already mentioned, is a classic toolkit gene. [48] Although other toolkit genes are involved in establishing the plant bodyplan, [49] homeobox genes are also found in plants, implying they are common to all ...
Molecular evidence shows that some limited number of Hox genes have existed in the Cnidaria since before the earliest true Bilatera, making these genes pre-Paleozoic. [22] It is accepted that the three major animal ANTP-class clusters, Hox, ParaHox, and NK (MetaHox), are the result of segmental duplications.
Hox genes are found in bilateral animals, including Drosophila (in which they were first discovered) and humans. Hox genes are a subset of the homeobox genes. The Hox genes are often conserved across species, so some of the Hox genes of Drosophila are homologous to those in humans. In general, Hox genes play a role of regulating expression of ...
Hox genes in different animal groups are so similar that, for example, one can transplant a human “make an eye” Pax6 gene into a fruitfly embryo and it still causes an eye to form – but it is a fruitfly eye, because the genes that the transplanted Hox gene activates are fruitfly genes. [2] The fact that all animals have such similar Hox ...
The homeobox gene clusters studied by Ed Lewis were named the Hox genes, although many more homeobox genes are encoded by animal genomes than those in the Hox gene clusters. The homeotic-function of certain proteins was first postulated to be that of a "selector" as proposed by Antonio Garcia-Bellido. [11]
Robb Krumlauf is an American developmental biologist.He is best known for researching the Hox family of transcription factors.He is most interested in understanding the role of the Hox genes in the hindbrain and their role in areas of animal development, such as craniofacial development.