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Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's rate-dependent resistance to a change in shape or to movement of its neighboring portions relative to one another. [1] For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of thickness; for example, syrup has a higher viscosity than water. [2]
where it is assumed that all body forces are describable as gradients (for example it is true for gravity), and density has been divided so that viscosity becomes kinematic viscosity. The second vector calculus identity above states that the divergence of the curl of a vector field is zero.
kinematic viscosity: meter squared per second (m 2 /s) neutrino: xi: electromotive force: volt (V) pi: 3.14159... (irrational number) unitless rho: mass density usually simply called density kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m 3) volume charge density: coulomb per cubic meter (C/m 3) resistivity: ohm meter (Ω⋅m)
An everyday example is the slow, smooth and optically transparent flow of shallow water over a smooth barrier. [ 8 ] When water leaves a tap without an aerator with little force, it first exhibits laminar flow, but as acceleration by the force of gravity immediately sets in, the Reynolds number of the flow increases with speed, and the laminar ...
Its effect on the mean flow is like that of a stress term, such as from pressure or viscosity. To obtain equations containing only the mean velocity and pressure, we need to close the RANS equations by modelling the Reynolds stress term R i j {\displaystyle R_{ij}} as a function of the mean flow, removing any reference to the fluctuating part ...
A built-in density measurement based on the oscillating U-tube principle allows the determination of kinematic viscosity from the measured dynamic viscosity employing the relation =, where: ν is the kinematic viscosity (mm 2 /s), η is the dynamic viscosity (mPa·s), ρ is the density (g/cm 3).
Increasing temperature results in a decrease in viscosity because a larger temperature means particles have greater thermal energy and are more easily able to overcome the attractive forces binding them together. An everyday example of this viscosity decrease is cooking oil moving more fluidly in a hot frying pan than in a cold one.
In physics and chemistry, a non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid that does not follow Newton's law of viscosity, that is, it has variable viscosity dependent on stress. In particular, the viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids can change when subjected to force. Ketchup, for example