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The concept of the stochastic discount factor (SDF) is used in financial economics and mathematical finance. The name derives from the price of an asset being computable by "discounting" the future cash flow x ~ i {\displaystyle {\tilde {x}}_{i}} by the stochastic factor m ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {m}}} , and then taking the expectation. [ 1 ]
A social fund (sometimes also called Social Investment Fund, Social Fund for Development, Social Action Fund, National Solidarity Fund or Social Development Agency) is an institution, typically in a developing country, that provides financing (usually grants) for small-scale public investments targeted at meeting the needs of poor and vulnerable communities. [1]
The SDF has its roots in two distinct regional funds known as the SAARC Fund for Regional Projects (SFRP) and the SAARC Regional Fund (SRF). These funds were proposed during the 5th SAARC Summit in Malé in November 1990, with the objective of identifying and executing regional projects that emerged from the SAARC process.
However, it is also engaged in the multilateral development system and works with a wide range of organizations. Examples of these include: the United Nations, [7] the World Bank, Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa, Islamic Development Bank, OPEC Fund for International Development, and ...
Organizational economics is primarily concerned with the obstacles to coordination of activities inside and between organizations (firms, alliances, institutions, and market as a whole). Organizational economics is known for its contribution to and its use of:
"Solidarity economy" was used as an economic organizing concept as early as 1937, when Felipe Alaiz advocated for the development of economic solidarity among worker collectives in urban and rural areas during the Spanish Civil War [7] It emerged more widely as a term in Latin America over the past twenty years in response to community and worker demands to expand forms of social inclusion and ...
It is suggested that modern mainstream economics is based entirely on DSGE models. [10] [5] Therefore, the importance of microfoundations lies in its synonymous relationship with DSGE. [11] The Smets-Wouters model is one example of the importance of microfoundations as it is regarded as a benchmark model for analysing monetary and fiscal policy ...
SDF founder Henry Hyndman. The Social Democratic Federation (SDF) was established as Britain's first organised socialist political party by H. M. Hyndman, and had its first meeting on 7 June 1881. Those joining the SDF included William Morris, George Lansbury, James Connolly and Eleanor Marx.