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Landing site name Lunar features at or near Apollo landing sites LF Large ringed feature Cryptic ringed features LG Lenticula, lenticulae / l ɛ n ˈ t ɪ k j ʊ l ə /, / l ɛ n ˈ t ɪ k j ʊ l i / Small dark spots on Europa: LE Linea, lineae / ˈ l ɪ n i ə /, / ˈ l ɪ n i i / Dark or bright elongate marking, may be curved or straight LI ...
Astrophysics is a science that employs the methods and principles of physics and chemistry in the study of astronomical objects and phenomena. [1] [2] As one of the founders of the discipline, James Keeler, said, astrophysics "seeks to ascertain the nature of the heavenly bodies, rather than their positions or motions in space—what they are, rather than where they are", [3] which is studied ...
Geophysics emerged as a separate discipline only in the 19th century, from the intersection of physical geography, geology, astronomy, meteorology, and physics. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] The first known use of the word geophysics was in German ("Geophysik") by Julius Fröbel in 1834. [ 48 ]
It is a strongly interdisciplinary field, which originally grew from astronomy and Earth science, [1] and now incorporates many disciplines, including planetary geology, cosmochemistry, atmospheric science, physics, oceanography, hydrology, theoretical planetary science, glaciology, and exoplanetology. [1]
The definition of latitude (φ) and longitude (λ) on an ellipsoid of revolution (or spheroid). The graticule spacing is 10 degrees. The latitude is defined as the angle between the normal to the ellipsoid and the equatorial plane. Geographical latitude and longitude are stated in the units degree, minute of arc, and second of arc.
In astronomy, coordinate systems are used for specifying positions of celestial objects (satellites, planets, stars, galaxies, etc.) relative to a given reference frame, based on physical reference points available to a situated observer (e.g. the true horizon and north to an observer on Earth's surface). [1]
Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of Earth and its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but also how they have changed and come to be. While geography is specific to Earth, many concepts can be applied more broadly to other celestial bodies in the field of planetary science. [2]
Physical geography is the study of Earth's systems and how they interact with one another as part of a single self-contained system. It incorporates astronomy, mathematical geography, meteorology, climatology, geology, geomorphology, biology, biogeography, pedology, and soils geography.