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The Spirit of Law (French: De l'esprit des lois, originally spelled De l'esprit des loix [1]), also known in English as The Spirit of [the] Laws, is a treatise on political theory, as well as a pioneering work in comparative law by Montesquieu, published in 1748. [2]
The Spirit of Laws (Volume 1) Audio book of Thomas Nugent translation; Archived 27 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine The Spirit of Law, trans. Philip Stewart, open access. Archived 13 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine Persian Letters, trans. Philip Stewart, open access. Complete ebooks collection of Montesquieu in French.
Montesquieu extensively compares the Roman civilisation to other civilisations, usually its enemies (including Carthage, Greece, and Macedon), throughout the course of the book. In Chapters I to X, Montesquieu postulates that the wealth, military might and expansionist policies, which were by most historical accounts a source of great strength ...
Various aspects of the book are doubtless indebted to particular models, of which the most important is Giovanni Paolo Marana’s L’Espion dans les cours des princes chrétiens (Letters Writ by a Turkish Spy), widely known at the time, even though Montesquieu’s characters obviously are Persians and not Turks.
The principle of legality of punishment and crime was identified and conceptualized in the Enlightenment.It is generally attributed to Cesare Beccaria but Montesquieu indicated that "the judges of the Nation are only the mouth that pronounces the words of the law" [b] as early as 1748, in The Spirit of the Law (French: L'Esprit des lois
Charles de Montesquieu (France, 1689–1755) In The Spirit of Law, Montesquieu expounded the separation of powers in government and society. In government, Montesquieu encouraged division into the now standard legislative, judicial and executive branches; in society, he perceived a natural organization into king, the people and the aristocracy ...
Furthermore, 43% of retirees believe their benefits will be cut in the future, while 47% of nonretired adults worry that Social Security won't be able to pay them a benefit at all once they retire.
The title page of A Commentary and Review of Montesquieu's Spirit of Laws (1811), [4] an English translation by Thomas Jefferson of Destutt de Tracy's Commentaire sur l'esprit des lois de Montesquieu (1806)