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A local symmetry is a symmetry which is position dependent. Gauge symmetry is an example of a local symmetry, with the symmetry described by a Lie group (which mathematically describe continuous symmetries), which in the context of gauge theory is called the gauge group of the theory.
The local SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) gauge symmetry is the internal symmetry. The three factors of the gauge symmetry together give rise to the three fundamental interactions, after some appropriate relations have been defined, as we shall see.
However, as was shown by Sidney Coleman and Erick Weinberg, even if the renormalized mass is zero, spontaneous symmetry breaking still happens due to the radiative corrections (this introduces a mass scale into a classically conformal theory - the model has a conformal anomaly). The same can happen in other gauge theories.
A gauge theory is a type of theory in physics.The word gauge means a measurement, a thickness, an in-between distance (as in railroad tracks), or a resulting number of units per certain parameter (a number of loops in an inch of fabric or a number of lead balls in a pound of ammunition). [1]
A gauge symmetry of a Lagrangian is defined as a differential operator on some vector bundle taking its values in the linear space of (variational or exact) symmetries of . Therefore, a gauge symmetry of L {\displaystyle L} depends on sections of E {\displaystyle E} and their partial derivatives. [ 1 ]
The name "flipped" SU(5) arose in comparison to the "standard" SU(5) Georgi–Glashow model, in which u c and d c quark are respectively assigned to the 10 and 5 representation. . In comparison with the standard SU(5), the flipped SU(5) can accomplish the spontaneous symmetry breaking using Higgs fields of dimension 10, while the standard SU(5) typically requires a 24-dimensional Hig
This state, often called the BCS state in the context of superconductivity, is a coherent superposition of states with different particle numbers and represents the macroscopic condensate. Broken symmetry : The formation of a fermion condensate is often associated with the spontaneous breaking of a symmetry, such as the U(1) gauge symmetry in ...
Quantum electrodynamics is an abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1) and has one gauge field, the electromagnetic four-potential, with the photon being the gauge boson. The Standard Model is a non-abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1) × SU(2) × SU(3) and has a total of twelve gauge bosons: the photon , three weak bosons ...