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Sense-for-sense translation is the oldest norm for translating. It fundamentally means translating the meaning of each whole sentence before moving on to the next, and stands in normative opposition to word-for-word translation (also known as literal translation ).
word-sense disambiguation – the task of automatically associating a sense with a word in context; lexical substitution – the task of replacing a word in context with a lexical substitute; sememe – unit of meaning; linguistics – the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. sense and reference
Homophonic translation renders a text in one language into a near-homophonic text in another language, usually with no attempt to preserve the original meaning of the text. For example, the English "sat on a wall" / ˌ s æ t ɒ n ə ˈ w ɔː l / is rendered as French "s'étonne aux Halles" [setɔn o al] (literally "gets surprised at the Paris ...
The term literal translation implies that it is probably full of errors, since the translator has made no effort to (or is unable to) convey correct idioms or shades of meaning, for example, but it can also be a useful way of seeing how words are used to convey meaning in the source language.
In semantics, the best-known types of semantic equivalence are dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence (two terms coined by Eugene Nida), which employ translation approaches that focus, respectively, on conveying the meaning of the source text; and that lend greater importance to preserving, in the translation, the literal structure of the source text.
In machine translation, the problem takes the form of target word selection. The "senses" are words in the target language, which often correspond to significant meaning distinctions in the source language ("bank" could translate to the French banque – that is, 'financial bank' or rive – that is, 'edge of river'). In information retrieval ...
In 2020, Trump pardoned the elder Kushner for convictions from 2005 over tax fraud, retaliating against a witness who testified against him and making false statements to the Federal Election ...
Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. [1] The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or signed communication between users of different languages ...