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  2. Gas cluster ion beam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_cluster_ion_beam

    Almost any gas can be used for GCIB, and there are many more uses for chemically reactive clusters such as for doping semiconductors (using B 2 H 6 gas), cleaning and etching (using NF 3 gas), oxidizing (using O 2 gas), reducing oxide (using H 2 gas), nitriding (using N 2 gas), and for depositing chemical layers. GCIB can be applied to any ...

  3. Phase-change material - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material

    Many natural building materials are hygroscopic, that is they can absorb (water condenses) and release water (water evaporates). The process is thus: Condensation (gas to liquid) ΔH<0; enthalpy decreases (exothermic process) gives off heat. Vaporization (liquid to gas) ΔH>0; enthalpy increases (endothermic process) absorbs heat (or cools).

  4. Chemical ionization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_ionization

    Chemical ionization in an atmospheric pressure electric discharge is called atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), which usually uses water as the reagent gas. An APCI source is composed of a liquid chromatography outlet, nebulizing the eluent, a heated vaporizer tube, a corona discharge needle and a pinhole entrance to 10 −3 torr ...

  5. List of materials properties - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_materials_properties

    A material property is an intensive property of a material, i.e., a physical property or chemical property that does not depend on the amount of the material. These quantitative properties may be used as a metric by which the benefits of one material versus another can be compared, thereby aiding in materials selection.

  6. Surface modification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_modification

    Surface modification is the act of modifying the surface of a material by bringing physical, chemical or biological characteristics different from the ones originally found on the surface of a material. [1] This modification is usually made to solid materials, but it is possible to find examples of the modification to the surface of specific ...

  7. Inverse gas chromatography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_Gas_chromatography

    Inverse gas chromatography is a physical characterization analytical technique that is used in the analysis of the surfaces of solids. [1]Inverse gas chromatography or IGC is a highly sensitive and versatile gas phase technique developed over 40 years ago to study the surface and bulk properties of particulate and fibrous materials.

  8. Chemical property - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_property

    Material properties, both physical and chemical, can be viewed as supervenient; i.e., secondary to the underlying reality. Several layers of superveniency [clarification needed] are possible. Chemical properties can be used for building chemical classifications. They can also be useful to identify an unknown substance or to separate or purify ...

  9. Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma-enhanced_chemical...

    Chemical reactions are involved in the process, which occur after creation of a plasma of the reacting gases. The plasma is generally created by radio frequency (RF) alternating current (AC) frequency or direct current (DC) discharge between two electrodes, the space between which is filled with the reacting gases.